Frequently asked questions

Yes. Request a remote consultation and explain the matter before traveling. State your country of residence and share documents through the agreed channel. We then determine which steps can be handled by a representative and which may require your presence; not every procedure can be completed entirely remotely.

Link to this answer

We review the procedure, your country of residence and the intended representative. Using the available requirements and documents, we define its purpose and necessary powers and can prepare the wording within the agreed service. We also identify formalities, translations or authentications to verify before you commission them.

Link to this answer

No. Its intended procedure, granted powers and formal execution must be reviewed. A power suitable for one step may not cover another. We can examine the existing wording against your intended procedure to identify checks needed before use.

Link to this answer

A legible photograph of the complete document can support an initial review of its wording and missing elements. It does not automatically replace originals or formalities required by the authority. After reviewing the procedure, we explain the documents needed to continue and what the firm can coordinate.

Link to this answer

First send a complete copy of the document and state the issuing country and the procedure in Panama for which you need it. The firm reviews the language, validity, receiving authority and authentication or apostille formalities that must be checked. The appropriate translation and when to commission it are then determined. This helps avoid the cost of translating a document that is incomplete, expired or different from the one required.

Link to this answer

Not for an initial service consultation. Explain the matter and show available documents; we then assess whether representation is needed and its scope.

Link to this answer

Send it through the channel agreed with the firm. We will examine its purpose and additional checks needed for the intended procedure.

Link to this answer

Explain the general situation and provide documents you are authorized to share. Before representation, instructions or access to confidential information, we must verify who the client is and the required authorization. Kinship is not automatic authority for every procedure.

Link to this answer

It helps you cope with the emotional impact of a legal dispute. Lidia Núñez Brugiati assesses your needs and agrees on the goals of the support, which is voluntary. Psychological care, medical care and legal representation have different scopes; none replaces the others.

Link to this answer

You can consult whenever you need to talk or understand how the proceedings affect you. You need not wait until you feel overwhelmed. The initial conversation explores the support you seek and whether this service fits your needs.

Link to this answer

The legal team examines rights, documents, options and procedural steps. The psychologist addresses emotional guidance and support within the agreed scope. Each professional maintains their role, and legal decisions are discussed with the lawyer responsible for your matter.

Link to this answer

This support service is voluntary. You may discuss its usefulness, ask how it works and decide whether to request it. If an authority orders an assessment in proceedings, your lawyer will separately explain its purpose and conditions.

Link to this answer

You can request guidance to discuss your concerns and the conflict’s effect on you. We assess who needs support and its purpose. Family participation requires consideration of the framework and appropriate consent; a joint session or an obligation to reconcile is not assumed.

Link to this answer

Yes. Losing someone close can coincide with decisions about documents, property and family relationships. You can discuss your support needs while the lawyer organises the succession. We aim to respect your personal circumstances and clearly explain necessary procedures.

Link to this answer

Legal outcomes depend on the facts, evidence, rules and relevant decisions. Support addresses your needs during the process. A listening space may help you express priorities without controlling others’ behaviour or the case outcome.

Link to this answer

Before starting, we explain how information is protected, applicable limits and planned coordination. Being on the same team does not mean everything is automatically shared. You can ask what must be communicated, to whom and under which authorization or legal basis.

Link to this answer

A request involving minors requires assessment of their needs, who can authorize care and appropriate participation conditions. The psychologist and, where relevant, legal team examine these before arranging the service. Not every accompanying adult is assumed able to consent.

Link to this answer

Contact the firm to request guidance with Lidia Núñez Brugiati, the team’s psychologist for guidance and support. Availability, format and fees are confirmed when booking. A general explanation of the support sought is enough; personal details are discussed with the psychologist through the agreed care channel.

Link to this answer

From its office in Santiago de Veraguas, Quirós & Quirós handles property, inheritance, companies, foundations, contracts, immigration, employment and disputes. We begin by understanding what you need to resolve, where the matter arises and whether a notice or deadline is approaching. The team organises initial information and directs your consultation to the appropriate professional.

Link to this answer

Proximity can facilitate meetings, document review and coordination of local in-person procedures. Also consider experience in the relevant area of law, clear fee terms and communication. A local office does not confer preferential treatment from authorities or guarantee faster proceedings.

Link to this answer

Explain your objective and ask about experience in similar matters, documents to be reviewed, work included in the proposal and how progress will be communicated. Confirm who will represent you and request clarity on fees and expenses. A promise of success alone is not a measure of service quality.

Link to this answer

Quirós & Quirós is at Calle 3a, Santiago de Veraguas, Panama. Arrange an appointment by WhatsApp at +507 6200-6863 or email legal@quirosyquiros.com. Office hours are Monday to Friday, 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m., and Saturday, 9:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m., Panama time.

Link to this answer

Start with the documents you have, an explanation of events, relevant dates and your desired outcome. Related contracts, complete messages, receipts, certificates and decisions are useful. Mention any hearing or recent notice from the outset. We review the information and identify with you what is missing and how to organize it.

Link to this answer

No. Explain the situation in your own words. The firm can help identify the area and information needed to examine your inquiry.

Link to this answer

No. We first review the facts, evidence, deadlines and what you wish to achieve. Clarifying documents, negotiating or bringing a claim may be appropriate. We explain the alternatives and their scope; negotiation does not, by itself, suspend the time limits you must meet.

Link to this answer

Send a short chronology and identify conversations about agreements, payments or relevant communications. Preserve complete messages and original files. Identify participants and the point needing clarification so the review does not rely on isolated screenshots without context.

Link to this answer

We can assess inquiries from either party, subject to a prior review of potential conflicts of interest. Representation is prepared from the client’s position and within the agreed scope. This does not mean that the same lawyer can simultaneously represent everyone involved in the same dispute.

Link to this answer

We cannot guarantee a favourable official decision. We explain alternatives, the basis and limits of the position and the work proposed. Outcomes depend on facts, evidence, rules and the decisions of those involved. Within the engagement, our responsibility is to prepare and substantiate professional steps, follow up and clearly communicate what is known and what remains outstanding.

Link to this answer

You can view documents and deliverables the firm has enabled for your account and matter. Access is linked to the authorized client.

Link to this answer

Use the portal functions enabled for your matter. Identify the procedure, source and date of the file, and send complete pages and appendices. If replacing an earlier version, identify it and state whether the new document is a draft or signed. The team relates it to the records and can help with submission; receipt does not confirm approval or filing with an authority.

Link to this answer

Not necessarily. A document may have been received, be under review or be available as a deliverable; none of those statuses alone means it has been officially filed. Review its context and ask the firm for confirmation to distinguish work in progress from completed procedural acts.

Link to this answer

A legible copy may suffice for the initial review, but the procedure may require originals, certified copies or other formalities. The firm will explain after examining the document and intended use. Keep originals and consult before giving them to third parties.

Link to this answer

When accepting the engagement, we agree responsibilities, communication channels and follow-up arrangements. View information enabled in your private portal and direct questions to the assigned professional. Updates distinguish completed actions, responses awaited from third parties and the next step. Estimates reflect the case’s status and do not guarantee an outcome.

Link to this answer

The private area shows information the team has recorded and enabled for your account. Lack of an update alone does not mean the procedure has stalled. Ask the firm to confirm the latest action, response awaited and next step, especially when verifying an action or date.

Link to this answer

Private access requires identification and authorization. Client information is displayed according to account permissions and associated matters.

Link to this answer

The portal is accessible online. With your authorized account, you can remotely view enabled information, without replacing any formalities or meetings the matter requires.

Link to this answer

Yes. Open the panel and choose WhatsApp. State the matter, location and any approaching date. The form is optional. Availability, scope and fees are confirmed before work begins; sending a message does not, by itself, confirm an engagement.

Link to this answer

Agreement 609-A of June 4, 2021 approves the minimum fee schedule; higher fees may be agreed in writing. Article 16 of Law 350 of 2022 refers to the current fee schedule where there is no services agreement. The firm explains the scope and cost before starting.

Link to this answer

Fees depend on the work, stages, complexity and amount in dispute, where applicable, within the applicable fee framework. The proposal separates fees and expenses, explains what is included and sets the payment terms. If a later step cannot yet be quoted, we indicate what is needed to do so.

Link to this answer

Fees pay for professional work. Depending on the procedure, taxes, official charges, certificates, translations, authentications, notarial or registry payments and other expenses may arise. The proposal identifies what is included, payable separately or still to be confirmed. Relocation to Panama also requires distinguishing housing, travel and third-party costs outside the firm. Ask us to explain each item before organizing payments.

Link to this answer

Yes. Start with the information you have and explain what you need to resolve. We identify relevant documents and whether a proposal can already be prepared or a preliminary review is needed. We also clarify the cost of that review where applicable.

Link to this answer

Payment terms are explained when the service is defined. Share your planning needs so the conditions applicable to your case can be considered. Any instalment arrangement must be agreed; available options depend on the specific proposal.

Link to this answer

If work outside the agreed scope arises, we explain its purpose, options and associated fees or expenses to decide how to proceed. An initial estimate may need adjustment when new facts emerge; distinguish agreed work from additional work.

Link to this answer

The time depends on the documents available, notices, assets involved and any disagreements or objections. We need to review the case and its procedural stage before estimating the timetable. Gathering complete information at the outset helps identify outstanding steps and potential difficulties.

Link to this answer

Gather proof of death and family relationships, the will if there is one, the last place of residence and a list of assets and debts. Add property registry numbers, vehicles and previous proceedings. You can seek advice even if some documents are missing. Living in the house or holding its deed does not make someone the sole heir.

Link to this answer

Article 703 of the Code of Civil Procedure refers to the notarial procedure provided for by law, provided there is no dispute requiring another route. That article does not itself authorize notarial proceedings for every estate. Before offering this option, we verify that the procedure is legally available and that the case meets the applicable requirements.

Link to this answer

You should not present yourself as the sole owner of property still registered in the deceased’s name. Your rights, the other interested parties and the stage of the proceedings must first be examined. Assigning inheritance rights and selling the property are different transactions. Any proposal must specify what is being transferred and who has authority to do so.

Link to this answer

Yes. Known debts must be disclosed and supporting evidence provided. Their inclusion in the inventory depends on the evidence and objections: Articles 713 and 718 of the Code of Civil Procedure. For proceedings predating October 11, 2025, the transitional regime in Articles 801 and 802 must be checked.

Link to this answer

They may apply for recognition and establish their entitlement. Article 715 of the Code of Civil Procedure distinguishes between doing so before the estate distribution becomes final, by an incidental application, and afterward, through separate summary proceedings. Notify us immediately. For successions predating October 11, 2025, the transitional regime in Articles 801 and 802 must be reviewed.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can begin with a remote consultation to establish family relationships, assets and the stage of the succession. We review the representation and documents needed according to the heir’s country of residence and the outstanding steps. This helps you arrange signatures and procedures before planning a trip.

Link to this answer

Tell us and provide documents identifying the asset and the current state of the proceedings. We examine how to include it or what additional action is needed, taking account of the stage reached and existing decisions. It should not be treated as unrelated to the case without checking its connection to the estate.

Link to this answer

Yes. Send the case number, the court, the most recent rulings and any proof of service you have. State who is involved and which step you need reviewed: recognition of heirs, inventory, administration, distribution of the estate or an objection. This background allows us to identify the stage reached, outstanding matters and the scope of a possible involvement, coordinating any change of representation before filing documents.

Link to this answer

The agreement must be assessed within the succession process and against the formalities applicable to the asset. It does not automatically replace the necessary distribution decision and registration.

Link to this answer

No. A will sets out the deceased’s wishes, but its contents, the interested parties, the assets and the steps needed to give it effect must still be reviewed. We examine the document and the estate’s situation to explain which procedures remain and what information is needed.

Link to this answer

Yes. Gather proof of death and family relationships, the last place of residence and a list of assets and debts; state whether proceedings are already underway. The potential heirs and the applicable procedure are reviewed. Living in the house or holding the documents does not make someone the sole heir.

Link to this answer

Ley 402 de 2023 · Código Procesal Civil and amendments (in Spanish)

You can seek advice with the information you have: the deceased’s name, your family relationship, properties, known banks and the case number. State which documents are missing and who holds them. The lawyer determines which can be obtained through certifications, authorized requests or steps in the proceedings.

Link to this answer

Agreement alone is insufficient. CPC art. 703 refers to notarial procedures provided for by law; their authorization and conditions must be verified for the particular case. It does not create a general notarial route for every estate.

Read the full explanation →

Can the entire estate be handled by a notary if all heirs agree?

No. That figure is not a statutory CPC deadline. Particular steps have time limits, such as the Public Prosecutor’s involvement and notices, but missing documents, service, the inventory and disputes affect the total duration.

Read the full explanation →

Must an estate proceeding legally finish within 122 days?

Article 714.2 refers to notaries of the deceased’s domicile in Panama, not every notary in the country. It exempts that certificate where the deceased had no domicile in Panama and died abroad. The relevant domicile must be established.

Read the full explanation →

Are certificates from every notary in Panama always required?

Prepare the available family certificates, previous agreements and documents relating to the assets, income and obligations concerned. Explain which points are agreed and which remain disputed. Quirós & Quirós reviews the background and the property implications, checking for potential conflicts of interest and clarifying whom the firm can advise before accepting an engagement.

Link to this answer

Organize existing agreements and decisions, a brief account of events and relevant documents about income, expenses and needs. Tell us whether there is an ongoing case or an approaching date. We review this information to identify the disagreements and the scope of assistance requested. Requesting a change does not, by itself, extinguish overdue payments or authorize non-compliance with the existing order. The effects of any change must be checked in the corresponding decision.

Link to this answer

Law 42 of 2012 · Articles 18 and 22, as amended by Law 45 of 2016

Yes. You can organize your assets to prevent disputes or plan for family continuity before a death. A list of assets, liabilities, titles, existing legal instruments, interested persons and pending decisions supports that planning and avoids reliance on incomplete recollections. We review your objectives and documents. This is separate from administering an estate after death and does not mean that one legal arrangement will resolve every family situation.

Link to this answer

Yes. You can explain the situation and provide existing agreements or documents so we can assess the alternatives and help you make an informed decision.

Link to this answer

The consultation arrangements depend on the matter and who is seeking advice. Before accepting an engagement, we check for potential conflicts of interest and clarify whom the firm can advise or represent.

Link to this answer

Yes. Article 87 of the Family Code provides for both possibilities and, as a rule, requires a public deed. The review must specify the chosen property regime, assets, debts and applicable formalities; changing the regime must not prejudice rights already acquired by third parties. It is advisable to seek advice before signing or transferring assets.

Link to this answer

Código de la Familia · articles 81 to 90 (in Spanish)

About this service

Before identifying the regime, the date and place of the marriage, any marital property agreement and the applicable law must be checked, including where the marriage took place abroad. Where Article 82 of the Family Code applies, participation in gains governs in the absence of an effective marital property agreement. This does not mean that each asset automatically belongs to both spouses in equal shares. Gather the marriage certificate, title documents, debts and previous agreements.

Link to this answer

Family Code · Articles 10, 82 and 835

Código de la Familia · articles 81 to 90 (in Spanish)

About this service

Gather the complete order or agreement, proof of service and a record of dates, communications and missed visitation times. Identify any urgent risk. The facts and current orders determine whether enforcement, variation or protection should be requested; the same procedure does not suit every situation.

Read the complete guide →

What should I prepare if I am prevented from seeing my child?

Child support and custody should not be confused. The agreements and decisions governing each matter must be examined and the appropriate application prepared.

Read the complete guide →

Does paying child support automatically establish custody?

A change can be considered where circumstances have changed. Provide the complete order and evidence of the change; applying does not itself alter the order.

Read the complete guide →

Can I seek changes to an existing visitation arrangement?

Law 269 of 2021 requires at least one year for this ground. The other conditions must also be checked; older texts referring to two years do not reflect that amendment.

Read the complete guide →

Must we have been married for two years?

For mutual-consent divorce, compliance with Article 218 concerning custody, contact, visitation and support for children entitled to it must be established.

Read the complete guide →

Can divorce be granted before arrangements for children are resolved?

No. It is a procedural step within the statutory window. The decision depends on the file, completed requirements and court proceedings.

Read the complete guide →

Does confirmation mean the divorce will finish in two months?

The official checklist consulted describes that service as free. Separate foreign-document, translation, medical and legal costs, and confirm any special arrangements.

Read the complete guide →

Does the Civil Registry charge for the ceremony?

The checklist provides for particular situations. Before substituting documents, their absence, actual civil status and the officiating authority’s acceptance must be reviewed.

Read the complete guide →

Can a sworn declaration replace any certificate?

Not automatically. Marriage and an immigration application have separate requirements and steps and should be planned separately.

Read the complete guide →

Does marriage give my foreign partner residence?

Obtain the summons, proof of service and hearing record or order, and gather evidence explaining your absence. If the parties were properly notified, the hearing may proceed with whoever attends. Do not assume a new date will be set or that support was suspended. The case status, decision, available applications or appeals and their deadlines should be reviewed promptly.

Official sources: Órgano Judicial · family proceedings, maintenance and hearings (in Spanish) · Ley 45 de 2016 · amendments to the Ley General de Pensión Alimenticia (in Spanish)

What should I do if I missed a child-support hearing?

There is no universal percentage for setting every maintenance award. Articles 5 and 6 of Law 42 require consideration of established needs, financial resources and family circumstances. Special deduction or collection rules should not be confused with a general formula for calculating the amount.

Read the full explanation →

Is maintenance always a percentage of salary?

No. Article 8 requires the studies and satisfactory progress in duration and performance specified by law, with 25 as the maximum age for that rule. Earlier grounds for termination exist. Evidence of studies, the application in the beneficiary’s own name on reaching adulthood, the current order and, where applicable, an extension for secondary education under article 9 must be reviewed.

Read the full explanation →

Is support automatically payable until age 25 if a child studies?

Job loss allows an immediate review request under articles 22 and 23 but does not itself cancel the current amount. Submit evidence of the change and request the appropriate decision; meanwhile, do not assume a reduction has been granted. Keep payment records and obtain legal assistance to review any arrears or enforcement measures.

Read the full explanation →

Can I stop paying if I lose my job?

We do not assess the need for advice solely by the value of your assets. Clarifying the position of a home, shareholdings or family documents can be useful. We first review your objectives and assets to determine whether a will is appropriate and what other steps are needed.

Link to this answer

No one can substitute their wishes for yours in making your will. The Civil Code makes a will a strictly personal act. Relatives may help gather documents, but the decision and execution must reflect the testator’s own wishes and comply with the applicable requirements.

Link to this answer

The Civil Code does not allow two people to make their wills in the same instrument. Family estate planning can be coordinated, but each will must be handled separately. We also examine which assets belong to each person and which are jointly owned.

Link to this answer

Yes. A testator can revoke a will by complying with the legal formalities. We can review the document and prepare a new instrument reflecting your wishes. Provide your earlier wills and explain what you want to change. Informal corrections on a copy do not replace valid execution of a will.

Link to this answer

Ownership of the property must be distinguished from ownership of shares or rights in the entity. We review the corporate and estate documents before drafting. A company asset must not automatically be treated as your personal property.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can examine its relevance to assets and proceedings in Panama, considering the form of the document, the country where it was executed and the applicable formalities. If advice from another jurisdiction is required, we identify that as a separate scope of work.

Link to this answer

The scope is agreed in writing. It may include an assessment, a document inventory, preparation of a will and coordination of its formal execution. Creating companies, transferring property or handling a future succession is not automatically included; those tasks must be expressly defined.

Link to this answer

Keep the document unaltered and gather a complete copy, dates, previous versions and details of its execution. State whether the person who made it is alive or deceased. The type of will, formalities and significance of the error must be assessed. If the person is alive, a new disposition complying with the required formalities may be considered; after death, the route depends on the estate proceedings. An error does not automatically establish invalidity or liability of those involved.

Official sources: Código Civil · forms of wills and articles 771 to 773 on revocation (in Spanish)

What should I do if I find errors in a will?

A general power to administer does not, by itself, authorize a property sale. The Civil Code requires express authority for transfers and other acts of disposal. Before a sale, we review the powers granted, the property and the transaction formalities. Calling the document ‘general’ does not replace that review.

Link to this answer

Yes. Its wording can define the purpose and authority granted within the applicable rules. Explain any restrictions you want on price, receipt of funds or other conditions so we can assess how to document them effectively.

Link to this answer

Powers of attorney cannot all be treated in the same way. We review their type, intended use and required formalities. The proposal should explain which procedure is recommended and why, rather than automatically include registration.

Link to this answer

Yes. It is preferable to check the document’s contents and intended recipient before paying for formalities and delivery. Knowing the country of signature and the receiving authority helps identify the authentication or legalisation steps to coordinate.

Link to this answer

We examine the full wording, the execution formalities and the authority’s specific objection. The issue may concern the powers granted, identification, representation or additional documents. We then determine whether clarification, supplementary documents or a new instrument is needed.

Link to this answer

We can assess its revocation or amendment and the steps needed to communicate and give effect to the change. It is important to establish who received it, how it was used and whether it is registered or must be reported in an existing case file.

Link to this answer

You should not assume so. We check who can represent the entity and which corporate approvals the transaction requires. The document must be consistent with those powers and approvals, particularly when disposing of assets or undertaking obligations.

Link to this answer

No. We provide advice, prepare documents and coordinate the procedures covered by the engagement. The notary and the Registry have separate roles. The relevant fees and expenses are explained separately so you know who carries out each step.

Link to this answer

A purchase is possible in many cases, but the property’s location and legal regime must be checked because special restrictions exist. The buyer’s nationality, ownership, encumbrances and the form of acquisition should be verified before committing funds or signing a preliminary sale agreement.

Link to this answer

No. A tax clearance certificate, known as a paz y salvo, confirms the tax position within its scope. It does not certify the absence of mortgages, attachments or other legal problems. Ownership and encumbrances are checked in the Public Registry. A purchase or sale also requires reviewing the contract, occupation, access and other transaction conditions. We coordinate these checks within the agreed property service.

Link to this answer

We check the property’s identity, its owner, the seller’s authority and registered encumbrances or entries. We also examine the proposed contract and available information on occupation, access, plans and intended use. We explain what has been verified and what remains outstanding. Surveying, technical inspection and valuation have different scopes, which we clarify when those checks are needed.

Link to this answer

It is not sufficient on its own. It must be compared with current registry records and the identity and authority of the person offering to sell. The copy supplied may not show a later transfer, mortgage or other entry.

Link to this answer

First establish whether that part has its own identification and registration or requires subdivision. The contract must specify what is being sold, the plans, outstanding procedures and what happens if subdivision is not approved. An informal drawing is not a registered plot.

Link to this answer

Legal review, land surveying and a technical visit are separate services. This also applies to a land-title application. We examine the available plans and documents and the checks the land requires. Before including additional work, our proposal specifies who will carry out measurements or inspections, how they will be coordinated and which expenses are quoted separately. A document review does not automatically include a site visit.

Link to this answer

It is an important document, but it must be assessed alongside the transaction and intended use. Questions about occupation, access, boundaries, contracts or taxes may require other documents. The review should state which matters were checked and which remain outstanding.

Link to this answer

Yes. You can bring the offer or draft so we can review what you intend to buy and the conditions being negotiated, even if you do not yet have all the documents.

Link to this answer

Yes, before committing your money. Review the seller, the property, refund or forfeiture of the reservation deposit, dates and outstanding documents. Coordinate the registry, tax and technical checks. Calling the document a “reservation” does not guarantee that you can always recover the payment.

Link to this answer

These are different tasks. The legal review examines documents, rights and encumbrances; the valuation estimates the value, and the survey checks the area or boundaries. The quotation must clarify which specialists are included. A registry report alone does not certify the physical condition or the surveyed area.

Link to this answer

We review the property, seller and transaction in light of your project, its participants, financing and intended use. You can begin with the offer, plans, certificates and payment terms available. We use these to organize the acquisition, permit and investment-structure questions and identify inspections or technical studies requiring other professionals.

Link to this answer

No. The title is only one part of the review. The intended use, site conditions and relevant authorisations must also be examined. Explain your proposed project at the outset: this guides the legal checks and any technical studies needed.

Link to this answer

The choice depends on the participants, financing, management and the investment’s asset-ownership and tax objectives. We examine those circumstances and compare the obligations of each option before proposing a structure. You should understand how the acquisition would work and which commitments you would undertake.

Link to this answer

You can consult us about either. Explain the intended use of the property and the stage of negotiations so we can define the documents needed and the scope of review.

Link to this answer

Yes. You can start reviewing a purchase or sale through a remote consultation and send the available records from abroad or any province. We assess the power-of-attorney formalities and representation needed, as well as signatures, visits or other steps requiring your presence. The proposal specifies what the firm can handle and what requires your participation.

Link to this answer

Yes. Provide the offer, property details and deposit terms. Clarify who receives the money, when it is refundable, which checks remain and what happens if the transaction cannot be completed. Do not assume that every reservation deposit is refundable.

Link to this answer

We check who pays and receives the money, which property is involved, how the balance will be paid and when the deposit would be refundable. We also identify outstanding conditions. With the offer, draft preliminary agreement and property documents, we can review the seller’s obligations and coordinate the documents, expenses and closing within the agreed engagement.

Link to this answer

We must examine how the mortgage will be discharged or dealt with in the transaction, involving the creditor where necessary. Do not promise to transfer the property free of encumbrances without a documented plan.

Link to this answer

Not necessarily. The required filing, registration and agreed handover must still be checked. If these steps are included in the engagement, the firm coordinates their follow-up. We explain what remains and which deeds, receipts and certificates should be retained to document completion.

Link to this answer

Yes. We check the type of certificate and the representation requirements, prepare the application and follow it up within the agreed scope.

Link to this answer

No. Personal and property tax clearance certificates establish different tax positions. For a property transfer, the DGI requires the property’s certificate. We check that it relates to the property being sold, remains valid and is accompanied by any other documents the transaction needs.

Link to this answer

There may be an outstanding return, another obligation or an inconsistency. We review the refusal and your payment evidence before recommending how to resolve it.

Link to this answer

It is valid until the expiry date stated on the certificate. Personal and property certificates have different scopes and must be checked separately. For a sale, we verify that the property’s certificate will still be valid on the planned transaction date and check its authenticity. If it expires earlier, we coordinate its renewal.

Link to this answer

We can review the evidence and prepare a request to correct the tax account before the DGI, which decides on the adjustment. We follow up on its response and the account update. If you need to sell the property, we coordinate the correction with the clearance certificate required at closing. The endorsed certificate known as a paz y salvo refrendado, which may be requested while a procedure is pending, is not valid for property transfers.

Link to this answer

Yes. An initial review identifies outstanding procedures so you can organize them before agreeing the terms and dates of a future sale.

Link to this answer

The DGI places the filing responsibility on the seller. We can arrange preparation and filing under the appropriate authority to act and agreed scope of service.

Link to this answer

Yes. Start with your identification and the property documents available. To file forms 106 and 107, the seller must be registered as a taxpayer with the DGI. We check your registration and coordinate any registration or update needed before preparing the filing.

Link to this answer

We can include tax procedures within the property service. We define the included work in writing, from review through the closing and follow-up you engage us to handle.

Link to this answer

No. An ordinary sale may give rise to 2% ITBI and a 3% advance payment of ISR, with tax bases, exceptions and adjustments that must be checked. The advance payment is not always the final tax. Selling the property through a company does not eliminate those taxes; a subsequent distribution of profits requires a separate analysis. The annual property tax exemption does not amount to an exemption from tax on the transfer.

Link to this answer

An exemption from annual property tax does not, by itself, cover the sale. Transfer tax and capital gains are separate matters with their own rules and possible benefits. We review your home’s exemption decision and the sale to explain the obligations arising at closing.

Link to this answer

We assess the inconsistency and the available procedure to correct or replace the document. We retain the supporting records and coordinate follow-up.

Link to this answer

Begin with the information and documents you have about the property and planned transaction, even if some are missing. Our team organises the review and lists outstanding items. Kenia Rodríguez coordinates tax documents and inquiries with the DGI alongside the legal team. We explain which documents we can obtain and which reviews you need to engage us to perform.

Link to this answer

Yes. We review the work already done, the commitments made and the outstanding items. We then propose assistance suited to the current stage.

Link to this answer

Yes. Send the complete text, offer and property details, and explain the terms discussed, deposits and previous commitments. We review the seller’s obligations, deposits, conditions, dates and consequences of breach. Comparing the wording with the negotiations helps identify differences before accepting a new version.

Link to this answer

The general advance payment is calculated on the reference value of the transfer. The 10% tax is calculated on the taxable gain. This difference explains why an overpayment may arise.

Link to this answer

A loss does not, by itself, remove the ITBI property transfer tax. Any exemption, undue payment or refund of the income-tax advance must be examined separately.

Link to this answer

No. You must substantiate the gain, the advance paid and compliance with the procedure’s requirements. A possible refund does not replace the payments needed to complete and register the transaction.

Link to this answer

The ITBI reform must be considered separately from income tax. A reduction in ITBI does not, by itself, establish an income-tax exemption.

Link to this answer

Gather the lease, receipts for the deposit and rent, inventories, photographs, inspection records and correspondence about repairs and returning the keys. Separate alleged damage from unpaid rent and explain the disputed deductions and the other party’s response. We examine the evidence for each item and the applicable rules to assess a settlement or appropriate proceedings. Entitlement to repayment cannot be decided solely from the deposit amount.

Link to this answer

Notify the landlord and keep photographs, messages, technical reports and estimates. The Civil Code provides for duties concerning necessary repairs and notice to the owner. Before agreeing to work or deducting costs from rent, responsibility must be assessed against the lease, the cause of the damage and any applicable special rules.

Link to this answer

Damage caused by improper use must be distinguished from ordinary wear over time and other causes. The property’s initial condition, inventory, photographs and repair notices help assess the claim. Liability and any deduction must be examined under the lease and applicable law.

Link to this answer

A signed inventory and dated photographs at the beginning and end of the tenancy help compare the property’s condition. Keep repair correspondence, payment receipts and records of returning the keys. If a dispute arises, we review those documents to identify the disputed damage or charges and the evidence supporting each item.

Link to this answer

MIVIOT’s Directorate-General for Leases publishes forms and procedures for registration, lodging deposits and refunds. Check which procedure applies to your lease.

Link to this answer

Do not assume that arrears entitle you to repossess the property yourself. Review the lease and the applicable legal procedure before taking action.

Link to this answer

Yes. Provide the draft lease, the parties’ identification, the intended use of the property, the rent, deposit and proposed inventory. It is advisable to specify repairs, utilities, handover, renewal and termination before signing. The review also identifies the administrative procedures applicable to the contract and the documents needed to record the property’s condition when the keys are handed over.

Link to this answer

Yes. Gather the contract, payment statement, termination communications, inventories, move-in and move-out photographs and proof that the keys were handed over. Distinguish unpaid rent, utilities, alleged damage and the deposit. This documentation allows the disputed items and the procedure for claiming them or responding to be examined, without treating all wear and tear as damage attributable to the tenant.

Link to this answer

You can consult us about either. We identify the property’s use and the circumstances of the case before defining the scope of advice.

Link to this answer

No. Possession and registered ownership are different legal situations. Before you acquire rights of possession, we examine their origin and continuity, acquisition documents, identification of the land and applicable restrictions. We also check registry and administrative records. Whether a title can be obtained depends on the circumstances; a seller’s promise does not guarantee it.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can review an existing application using the file number and the procedural documents available to you. We identify requirements, outstanding documents and the application’s status before defining our involvement. The legal team organises inquiries and documentation within the agreed scope. We examine the latest procedural step, notified observations and responses filed to distinguish a pending administrative action from a substantive problem.

Link to this answer

Start by identifying the land’s location and sharing any records of possession or previous applications. That information supports the initial review. We then identify the documents and technical survey needed, who must prepare them and how to coordinate the next steps within the agreed service.

Link to this answer

No. Its legal position and the applicable requirements must be checked first. Restrictions, previous records and third-party rights may affect whether the application is viable.

Link to this answer

You can request a review by providing the location and complete background information. A coastal location makes it particularly important to identify the area and any restrictions or special regimes. The legal review may require technical information and inquiries with the competent authorities before the transaction can be assessed.

Link to this answer

You can consult us from Calovébora or other communities in Veraguas. We examine the exact location, the type of land and any necessary on-site or technical work.

Link to this answer

We must establish who can continue or participate in the proceedings and which documents they need. We request the file and the records relating to the death and transfer of rights. Simply changing the applicant’s name without examining the legal position is not advisable.

Link to this answer

We compare the contract, the identification of the land and the information in the application. We then determine the documents or procedural steps needed to establish the interest you claim. The contract should not be treated as automatically updating the administrative file.

Link to this answer

Documents serving different purposes should not be confused. We examine what the certificate establishes, who issued it and what remains outstanding in the procedure. Evidence of possession does not mean that an award of title or its eventual registration has been completed.

Link to this answer

We first identify whether the issue concerns documents, technical matters or the rights claimed. The response is coordinated with the relevant evidence and, when needed, the surveyor. Figures or names should not be corrected in isolation without examining their background.

Link to this answer

Keep the full notice and send it to us with the date you received it and the file number. This allows us to examine when and how to participate and the evidence needed. Do not wait for a final decision before telling your lawyer about the dispute.

Link to this answer

They help reconstruct steps taken and expenditure, but must be checked against the file. A payment alone does not show whether documents, decisions or other actions remain outstanding. Our review distinguishes amounts paid, their purpose and the documented status of the procedure.

Link to this answer

They are distinct stages and documents. We review the decision’s content and status and the further steps needed to formalise the right. The agreed engagement must specify whether it includes registry follow-up or only the administrative phase.

Link to this answer

No. The Law 37 opening checklist specifies the original and three copies; Law 80 specifies the original and five. Evidence and applicant documents also vary. The applicable route must be identified first.

Read the full explanation →

Does every land-titling procedure require the same survey copies?

Not by itself. The transfer, the predecessor’s possession, the nature of the land and its legal eligibility for an award must be examined. Under Law 80, a successor possessor must prove both the acquisition and the predecessor’s possession being relied on.

Read the full explanation →

Does purchasing rights of possession give me ownership title?

There is no verified single total for all plots. Technical, administrative and registry expenses, any official land-award price and professional fees are separate. A quotation follows identification of the land, applicable route and file status.

Read the full explanation →

What does land titling cost and what does a quotation include?

Separation of property within marriage and partition of jointly owned property are different matters. The date and place of the marriage, applicable law, matrimonial property regime, marital agreements and title documents must first be examined to establish each person’s rights and the appropriate procedure. An equal division should not be assumed without reviewing those records.

Link to this answer

Family Code · Articles 10, 82 and 835

Generally, yes, even if another co-owner objects. Provide the title, agreements and information on the use of the property. The ownership shares, third-party rights and whether partition, an award with compensation or a sale is appropriate are examined. Another owner’s refusal does not allow the outcome to be predicted.

Link to this answer

Not necessarily. The property’s characteristics, legal and technical feasibility and appropriate alternatives must be examined. Not every property can be divided into plots.

Link to this answer

Partition addresses the joint ownership relationship. Subdivision may require its own technical and registry assessment. A survey plan alone does not settle the co-owners’ agreements or rights.

Link to this answer

This can be examined, but the estate’s status, the registered owner and each interested person’s share must first be established. If the inheritance has not been distributed, those matters may need to be addressed before treating the property as jointly owned. Where a relative refuses to sell, options include buying their share, agreeing a sale or pursuing the applicable partition procedure. Refusal alone does not determine the appropriate option.

Link to this answer

Occupation, expenditure and improvements must be examined alongside the property’s legal position. Share the agreements, receipts and background records you have, explaining what was done and which items are disputed. This lets us organize the issues requiring review without assigning a value or legal effect to each improvement in advance.

Link to this answer

Yes. Bring the decisions, pleadings and notices. We will examine the case’s status, relevant dates and the scope of the professional assistance requested.

Link to this answer

We examine its location and legal status, possession history and possible restrictions. Describing it as ‘beach land’ is not enough. Those elements determine whether this regime, another allocation procedure or a preliminary issue requiring resolution applies.

Link to this answer

No. Land potentially eligible for allocation must be distinguished from excluded areas or areas subject to a special regime. A building, a private sale agreement or proximity to other titled plots does not replace that verification.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can start with your copies and receipts to identify the application, obtain its documented status and review outstanding matters. Continuity of representation and any change of authorized representative are coordinated before further steps are filed.

Link to this answer

The source of the discrepancy must be identified. We can coordinate legal and technical checks, identify documents requiring clarification and prepare the appropriate application. An isolated figure should not be changed without checking its effects on neighbouring properties and previous records.

Link to this answer

Yes, after examining both claims and the procedural status. The response may require appearing in the proceedings, providing evidence, filing an objection or considering another route. Strategy and timing are determined with the notices and file available for review.

Link to this answer

The proposal will say so expressly. The firm’s fees are distinguished from technical work, site visits, official charges and other expenses. A quote for legal review does not imply that all those costs are included or that a final allocation price has already been determined.

Link to this answer

Send the land’s location, your contracts, any available plan and any file number or notice. Include a brief chronology of acquisition and possession. This helps identify additional documents needed without expecting you to determine the correct procedure beforehand.

Link to this answer

Yes. Possession may receive legal protection even without a registered ownership title. You must establish the possession exercised, the act affecting it and the requirements of the applicable procedure. We examine the facts, dates and nature of the land; this protection does not, by itself, amount to a declaration of ownership.

Link to this answer

The case should not be prepared solely from that document. The review must establish how possession was exercised, by whom, for how long and which act affected it. The contract is checked against the situation on the land and the other evidence.

Link to this answer

Possessory protection concerns a state of possession eligible for legal protection; an ownership claim seeks recognition or exercise of ownership rights. The two may be related, but their legal grounds, evidence and effects are not interchangeable.

Link to this answer

We do not recommend doing so without examining the situation. Taking physical action can worsen the dispute or affect others’ rights. Preserve evidence and request an assessment of the appropriate legal steps, especially if people occupy the property.

Link to this answer

We can assess those matters. It is important to clarify how the person entered, which agreements existed and whether requests to return the property were made. A tenant, a co-owner and an unrelated third party should not automatically be treated in the same way.

Link to this answer

Dated photographs, contracts, receipts for work or maintenance, correspondence, witness evidence and earlier proceedings can guide the review. Their value depends on what they establish and how they are submitted. One certificate rarely explains the property’s entire history.

Link to this answer

We can examine whether an appropriate measure is available, its requirements and the supporting evidence. Applying does not guarantee it will be granted. We need the dates, the specific harm and the steps already taken to assess it.

Link to this answer

The scope is set out in writing. Where site visits, a surveyor, engineer or other experts are needed, their costs are distinguished from legal fees. Before commissioning them, we explain their purpose and how they are budgeted.

Link to this answer

Family relationship alone does not determine this. Permission, a lease, co-ownership or another right must be examined. Article 659 requires the absence of a lease and of authorization from the owner, attorney-in-fact or administrator. Recovery must follow the competent procedure and authority.

Read the full explanation →

Can I evict a relative from my home as an intruder?

Under CPC art. 659 as amended by Law 467 of 2025, the municipal judge where the property is located, concurrently with the community judge on a first-seised basis. The facts, any special jurisdiction and the file’s applicable regime must be checked.

Read the full explanation →

Who currently hears an intruder-eviction application?

No. The year in Civil Code art. 601 concerns a possessory action by someone who lost possession without registered title, with special rules for violence or concealment. Other claims and titles require a different assessment; the dates and facts should be reviewed promptly.

Read the full explanation →

Do I always have one year to recover property?

There is no single period that applies to every property. First, the civil or agrarian regime and the nature of the possession must be identified; the required period and the other legal conditions are then examined. Occupying land for many years does not by itself establish ownership. The review considers the property’s legal status, how possession began, its continuity and any interruptions, together with the available evidence.

Link to this answer

These are not equivalent situations. Tolerance or acknowledgement of another person’s rights can change the analysis. We examine how occupation began and continued, the existing agreements and the acts you consider evidence of possession on your own behalf.

Link to this answer

Combining successive periods of possession requires examining the legal conditions and the link with the previous possessor. Dates cannot simply be added without supporting evidence. The contract, delivery of possession, identification of the land and demonstrable continuity are relevant.

Link to this answer

No. Those documents may help establish how the property was used, but must be assessed alongside its full history and the legal requirements. A tenant, someone occupying with permission or a person under another arrangement may also pay utilities or make improvements.

Link to this answer

That should not be assumed. The property’s legal classification and special rules are decisive; property outside private commerce is not treated like private property eligible for prescription. A different administrative allocation procedure may also need to be considered.

Link to this answer

We must examine who needs to participate in the proceedings and any existing succession records. The death does not justify excluding interested parties without analysis. Correct identification of the parties forms part of the review before filing the claim.

Link to this answer

Yes. We examine the claim, notices and occupation history to prepare the defense. Permissions, contracts, acknowledgements of ownership and acts contradicting the alleged possession are relevant. Send the complete notice when you first contact us.

Link to this answer

No. These procedures have different legal grounds and competent authorities. The choice depends on the land, its history and the claim. Our review aims to avoid presenting a private ownership dispute as a simple administrative application, or the reverse.

Link to this answer

Not automatically. The required possession, the land’s eligibility and the applicable form of prescription must be proved. The owner’s permission or tolerance is not qualifying possession. Recognition of ownership requires the appropriate procedure.

Read the full explanation →

Does living on land for fifteen years already make me its owner?

No. The twenty-year civil period concerns ordinary prescription between absent persons, requiring good faith and a qualifying title. Extraordinary civil prescription has a fifteen-year period without that distinction. Article 1695 governs residence outside Panama and mixed periods.

Read the full explanation →

Does an owner’s absence always increase the period to twenty years?

No. The Agrarian Code distinguishes fencing or clearing from actual, rational productive activity. Agrarian acts and the required period must be proved; public-domain property cannot be acquired by prescription.

Read the full explanation →

Is fencing land enough to prove agrarian possession?

A legal route may be available, but the property’s circumstances and applicable rules must be verified. The route and any compensation are also examined. This does not authorize you to open a road across the neighbouring property yourself.

Link to this answer

Length of use alone is not enough to reach that conclusion. We examine the title, agreements and the way the road has been used. Access by tolerance and a formally established right require different analyses.

Link to this answer

Document the closure, dates and previous use, and keep plans, deeds and messages. We can examine the right claimed and the appropriate legal steps. Avoid forcing access before receiving advice on the legal consequences.

Link to this answer

It should not be used in isolation to resolve an ownership dispute. It must be checked against titles, previous records and the physical situation. The surveyor provides the technical analysis; the scope of rights and the appropriate dispute procedure require legal review.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can specify the location, authorized use, beneficiaries, maintenance and formalities. We also examine whether you need personal permission or a right attached to the property. The document must reflect that distinction rather than merely permitting passage.

Link to this answer

That should not be assumed. The content and scope of the right must be examined for each use. We can review the existing instrument and the project’s needs before negotiating works, installations or additional permissions.

Link to this answer

Yes. We organize the records and coordinate a technical review to identify the disputed discrepancy. We then assess whether an agreement, documentary correction or contested proceedings are appropriate. Surveys and expert reports are budgeted separately.

Link to this answer

As a preventive step, we suggest checking legal and physical access before committing payments or starting work. An entrance used informally today may not meet the project’s needs. This check can form part of the purchase review.

Link to this answer

Document the change and its date using available photographs, plans, title documents and witnesses. A land survey may be required. Avoid moving the markers again before preserving the evidence. The appropriate procedure for a claim depends on the facts, the right affected and the nature of the land.

Link to this answer

Yes. Within the agreed service, we investigate requirements, background and outstanding steps to reduce the work you must do personally. Kenia Rodríguez coordinates inquiries and documents with the legal team. She explains what information is available, what is missing and which steps require your signature or participation.

Link to this answer

Yes. Send the information you have about the owner and property. We identify missing documents and explain which we can obtain and which you must provide or sign.

Link to this answer

Yes. We review ownership, representation and the company structure to define the necessary steps. The DGI provides specific Family Tax Patrimony arrangements for certain legal structures. For corporations, it requires, among other evidence, an accountant’s certification of family ownership and a shareholder declaration. We verify the relevant category’s requirements before proposing the application.

Link to this answer

We can examine the statement and background to identify the charge’s basis. If clarification or correction is appropriate, we explain its grounds and the proposed procedure.

Link to this answer

Yes. We review how the tax procedure relates to the transaction’s documents and dates. Doing this early helps identify outstanding issues before committing to closing terms.

Link to this answer

Fees depend on the work your case requires; before engagement, you receive a proposal specifying scope and separate expenses. For Family Tax Patrimony or Principal Residence status, Law 66 gives the DGI three months from application to decide and notify, and provides for acceptance by silence. We review proof of filing and the file before invoking that effect. Other exemptions require an estimate based on the procedure and outstanding issues.

Link to this answer

Not automatically based on its purchase price. The Family Tax Patrimony or Principal Residence regime exempts up to B/.120,000 of the taxable base, including improvements, when its conditions are met and the benefit is requested. A general exemption up to B/.30,000 also exists. We review the recorded value, residential use and recognized benefits to identify the appropriate application.

Link to this answer

The DGI groups applications into improvements, special exemptions and Family Tax Patrimony or Principal Residence. You can consult even without knowing the benefit’s name. We review your objective and property information to identify the option, verify its requirements and specify the documents needed.

Link to this answer

For condominium property with an exemption on improvements, the DGI indicates annual tax of 1% on the land value. We review the apartment’s registered regime and the source of the charge.

Link to this answer

Not automatically. The DGI states that the housing benefit up to B/.120,000 applies from the application date. Earlier charges require separate review for errors, previously recognized benefits or other grounds for correction. A new application is not a waiver of the previous balance.

Link to this answer

Before applying for Family Tax Patrimony or Principal Residence status, owner details and cadastral values must be current. We identify the discrepancy and coordinate an ANATI update or appropriate DGI correction. We explain the documents needed and whether that work is included in the proposal.

Link to this answer

Yes. We define scope, fees and expenses before starting. The service may include preparation, filing, responses to requirements and follow-up. Kenia Rodríguez coordinates communication, outstanding documents and inquiries with the legal team, and explains your required involvement. Legal assessments and professional legal acts are handled by the legal team; granting the benefit is for the competent authority.

Link to this answer

The choice depends on who occupies the property and under which arrangement. Family Tax Patrimony applies to the owner’s permanent home with their family; Principal Residence concerns a permanent residence that does not constitute a family estate. We review your family situation, ownership and existing benefits to select and substantiate the appropriate option.

Link to this answer

The DGI provides Principal Residence status for adults living alone or with other adults. We review your property’s conditions and organize documents for that category.

Link to this answer

Yes. We review the trust documents and coordinate what is needed to define the action. The DGI sets specific requirements, including trustee documents and the settlor’s authorization according to the application.

Link to this answer

Yes. The DGI provides categories for foreign retirees and requires evidence of that status. We review available documents and the formalities needed to include them in the file.

Link to this answer

If your exemption is expiring or you want to consider a change, we review the existing decision, its validity and the property’s current situation. We then determine whether to maintain the benefit, submit another application or take a different step. We explain how the proposal relates to your existing exemption and the work the firm would undertake.

Link to this answer

Each tax and period must be reviewed. Age is a starting point for analysis but does not, by itself, establish that the application is justified.

Link to this answer

Its effect depends on the circumstances and when it occurred. The legal team assesses it with the other records, without assuming an automatic consequence.

Link to this answer

Filing is not the same as obtaining a favourable decision. We follow up the response and explain its scope and any further steps required.

Link to this answer

Yes. Provide the complete notice and receipt date so the legal team can identify its scope and any action requiring attention.

Link to this answer

We explain the conclusion and findings. Depending on the case, another administrative step may be assessed, with its scope and conditions defined separately.

Link to this answer

If B/.11,000 is your annual net taxable income under the general regime, income tax is zero. Filing obligations, educational insurance contributions and other applicable items must be examined separately.

Link to this answer

The 25% rate applies to the excess over B/.50,000. Earlier brackets retain their rates; accumulated income tax on the first B/.50,000 is B/.5,850.

Link to this answer

Yes. Income tax considers net taxable income; ITBMS depends on turnover and activity. Expenses can reduce the former without eliminating the ITBMS obligation.

Link to this answer

The payer’s or bank account’s location is not enough. Where the activity is performed and the rules determining the income’s source must be analysed.

Link to this answer

Capital gains may have specific tax rules, withholding and forms. The transaction must be reviewed before applying the ordinary income-tax table.

Link to this answer

An application may be made if the requirements for the exemption are met. The DGI publishes a cadastral value limit of B/.500,000 and requires proof of agricultural or livestock use. Owning a rural property is not enough. The activity, ownership, value and documentation must be verified before applying.

Link to this answer

DGI · agricultural and livestock tax exemption requirements, procedures 97 and 175 (in Spanish)

The DGI requires a certification and technical report from MIDA concerning the activity, use and the date on which continuous activity began. It also requires property certifications from the Public Registry and ANATI. The owner’s documents vary depending on whether the owner is an individual or a legal entity; the complete list is reviewed before applying.

Link to this answer

DGI · agricultural and livestock tax exemption requirements, procedures 97 and 175 (in Spanish)

Yes. Law 32 allows people of any nationality to form corporations. The proposed activity, its restrictions and permits, the participants’ identification and their obligations must be reviewed. Incorporation does not, by itself, grant residence, work authorization, a bank account or permission to conduct any activity.

Link to this answer

Define the name, objectives, capital structure, directors and management arrangements. Those decisions must be properly reflected in the articles of incorporation. Before incorporation, also assess how the company will operate in practice and its obligations based on its activities and owners.

Link to this answer

No. Stopping invoicing does not cancel the applicable tasa única tax, accounting duties or obligations relating to the resident agent. Having no ordinary ISR payable does not eliminate all formal obligations either. We review the entity’s activity, assets, regime and outstanding periods.

Link to this answer

Incorporation is one part of preparing the business. The proposal must specify which corporate documents, permits and registrations the engagement includes. Before opening, the firm reviews tax registrations, the operating notice where required and requirements specific to the activity and premises. The location and a description of the proposed business allow us to identify outstanding steps and their sequence.

Link to this answer

No. Incorporating a company does not guarantee that a bank will open an account. The bank carries out its own assessment of the activity, participants, beneficial owners and source of funds. Prepare the corporate documents and supporting financial information for the business. If you request the firm’s assistance, the proposal must specify which documentation and coordination are included; the decision to open the account rests with the bank.

Link to this answer

You can consult us about those arrangements, specifying each participant’s country of residence and role. We review identification, documents and applicable signing formalities. Do not assume that everyone must travel or that all foreign documents will be accepted without review.

Link to this answer

To assess a company’s RUC tax registration, gather the legal representative’s current identification and evidence of the company’s registration in the Public Registry. We also need to verify the tax address, activity and information the entity will declare. The firm organises the information and checks applicable requirements before preparing the application; if already registered, we review which details need updating.

Link to this answer

A private interest foundation has its own purposes and rules. Its assets serve the objectives set out in its foundation charter, and the law limits its profit-making activities. It can help organize certain estate interests, but its intended purpose must be assessed before selecting this structure.

Link to this answer

No. A company and a private interest foundation follow different rules and purposes. To choose, we examine the activity or assets you wish to organize, who will manage them and how rights or benefits will be distributed. This lets us explain which structure suits your objective and the obligations involved in maintaining it.

Link to this answer

The Public Registry’s official information identifies registration of the foundation charter as the act that confers legal personality.

Link to this answer

We can examine the transaction. We need information about the property, its owner, obligations affecting it and the entity’s documents. Creating a company or foundation does not, by itself, transfer property; the specific transaction and its costs are reviewed separately.

Link to this answer

Decide who will contribute assets or money, who will manage and sign, how decisions will be approved and what will happen if a participant wishes to leave, dies or a disagreement arises. Also clarify who will keep the books, minutes and accounting records. These decisions must be tailored to the chosen company or foundation and reflected in the corresponding instruments, without using the same template for structures with different purposes.

Link to this answer

Yes. Explain what you wish to organize, who will participate and the assets or activity involved. This allows us to assess a structure serving a specific purpose.

Link to this answer

Yes. Provide the formation documents and explain what you need to change or regularise: participants, offices, signing authority, internal records, obligations or registry status. We examine the entity’s background according to its nature, identify what is missing and define the work the firm could undertake. Consulting about an existing entity does not require incorporating it again.

Link to this answer

Confirm that you will receive the registered deed, the agreed corporate documents and maintenance instructions. Ask whether share certificates, the share register, books and minutes are included. The quotation must separately clarify the registry certification, RUC, NIT, accounting and who will retain the originals.

Link to this answer

Compare the scope and maintenance arrangements, as well as the price. Ask for fees, notarial charges, registration, corporate documents, resident agent services, taxes and accounting to be itemized separately. Confirm what you will receive, what you must provide and what is charged separately. Two quotations may cover different work.

Link to this answer

Do not assume that it does. Company registration and tax procedures are separate matters. For the NIT, the DGI requires prior registration in the RUC, up-to-date information and an email address. Confirm who will handle each procedure and how you will securely receive the access credentials.

Link to this answer

DGI · legal entity registration and NIT, procedures 02 and 19 (in Spanish)

Prepare an inventory distinguishing your personal assets from assets owned by the foundation. Review its charter, regulations, beneficiary designations, management powers and your existing will. These are different instruments that need coordination to avoid conflicting instructions. Naming a foundation in a document does not itself establish that an asset was transferred to it: ownership and each transfer require review, especially where assets or people are in different countries.

Official sources: Registro Público · registration review manual, private interest foundations and Ley 25 de 1995 (in Spanish) · Código Civil · provisions on wills and succession (in Spanish)

How should a private interest foundation be coordinated with my will?

Gather the incorporation deed, amendments, certificates, minutes and powers of attorney, together with the previous agent’s details and known outstanding matters. We examine who can authorize the change, which documents are missing and how to organize their handover. We then assess acceptance of the engagement and distinguish initial regularisation from ongoing maintenance. Sending an inquiry does not, by itself, formalise the agent change or an ongoing service agreement.

Link to this answer

Formation and subsequent maintenance must be described separately. Before engaging the service, distinguish initial and recurring costs: resident agent fees, annual franchise tax where applicable, accounting, returns and exceptional actions. The proposal specifies the services and payments included, expenses payable to third parties or authorities and tasks requiring a separate quote. Paying one item does not mean all others are covered.

Link to this answer

Yes. Start with the documents you retain and details of those who managed the entity. The legal team handling your corporate matter identifies missing minutes, certificates, old receipts and records, then organises the inquiries and steps needed to reconstruct and review relevant information. You do not need to have everything resolved before the initial consultation.

Link to this answer

Yes. With the appropriate authorization, we can review its registry status and available account statements, distinguishing taxes, surcharges, resident agent fees and other services. Gather proof of previous payments and notices of suspension or collection. The result must identify the item, period, supporting documentation and outstanding action for each entry; the legal review may require separate accounting support.

Link to this answer

Do not assume that payment has updated all records. If suspension relates to the annual franchise tax, applicable amounts must be regularised and removal of the suspension entry must also be requested and verified. The firm reviews the cause, receipts and required decision; any other grounds for suspension must also be addressed before the entity can be considered regularised.

Link to this answer

That cannot be assumed. For suspension due to annual franchise tax arrears, the rules provide one year from registration of the suspension to reactivate, and dissolution if that period expires without reactivation. We examine the cause, registration date and subsequent entries before accepting the engagement. An already dissolved company requires a different analysis; paying the debt does not guarantee restoration of its status.

Link to this answer

Yes. The review must connect the company’s current legal status and representation with the property title, its encumbrances and the planned transaction. Provide the articles of incorporation, amendments, minutes, powers of attorney and the property’s registry information. If you wish to sell, mortgage or contribute the property, the necessary authorizations and procedures are examined before assuming that any shareholder can sign on the entity’s behalf.

Link to this answer

The two calculation methods are compared and, where CAIR applies, the higher result is used. An application for non-application requires examining the qualifying grounds and meeting the relevant requirements.

Link to this answer

Complementary tax must be examined. Under the general regime it may arise even when no dividends are distributed, subject to applicable exemptions and rules.

Link to this answer

The rate depends on the tax regime and operations. The corporate form alone does not establish entitlement to a preferential rate.

Link to this answer

Compare the new draft with the offer, quotation, appendices and discussions about agreed terms. Identify differences in deliverables, advances, dates, warranties and responsibilities. The firm can review both versions and propose negotiating changes, also specifying how deliveries will be accepted and later changes documented.

Link to this answer

A template may be a reference, but must be adapted to the actual transaction. The firm reviews the subject matter, payments, deliveries, responsibilities, warranties and termination arrangements. We also check that appendices and negotiated terms are consistent with the text to be signed.

Link to this answer

Send the latest version and the previous one if changes were made, the offer or quotation, the attachments and the communications in which the price, deliverables or dates were agreed. State which points you have already accepted and which remain open. Identify the parties and the planned signing date. This allows the review to identify differences between what was negotiated and the final document, as well as to propose specific wording.

Link to this answer

Record in writing what changes, who accepts it and its effect on price, deadlines and other obligations. The firm can prepare the amendment or appropriate document, check consistency with the contract and organize the final version. Also keep the correspondence explaining the agreement reached.

Link to this answer

Yes. Provide the complete document and explain what you intend to purchase, the expected amount and your concerns. The review must also consider appendices and incorporated terms.

Link to this answer

Yes. Provide the signed contract with all its attachments, payments, deliveries, demands and subsequent messages. Explain which obligation was breached, since when and what solution you seek. The review focuses on the scope of the agreement, the evidence and the options for performance, negotiation or a claim. If there is a response deadline or a lawsuit, mention it when requesting the consultation.

Link to this answer

Yes. You can consult us about an oral agreement, an agreement made through messages or a situation without a signed contract. Explain how it was agreed and gather receipts, transfers, delivery records and other evidence. Keep complete conversations and related payment records. The absence of a signed contract does not, by itself, determine which rights can be claimed: the transaction type, applicable formalities and what the available evidence can prove must be examined.

Link to this answer

Do not delete or edit them. Keep complete conversations and original files, including communications that appear unfavourable. Context helps the lawyer understand events and assess the available evidence. You can identify messages that concern you and explain why, without altering their content.

Link to this answer

Yes. Explain what you wish to agree and your concerns. A review or drafting engagement can clarify payments, deliveries and responsibilities.

Link to this answer

Agree on what you will receive, when, how it will be checked and what will happen in the event of breach or cancellation. Verify identity, authority to sign, the receiving account and guarantees. The contract and quotation must match on taxes, transport, installation and changes. Keep the accepted version and proof of payment.

Link to this answer

Separate capital contributions, loans, expenses and repayments, matching each movement to its date, amount, recipient and evidence without counting the same payment twice. Gather the articles of incorporation, shareholder agreements, minutes and correspondence about disputed transactions. The review identifies what is documented, what information is missing and whether accounting support is needed to assess negotiation or a claim.

Link to this answer

The articles of incorporation, bylaws, minutes and notice records must be reviewed. Law 32 sets out notice rules and circumstances involving waiver or participation that may affect a resolution’s validity. Failure to receive a notice therefore does not automatically invalidate every decision.

Link to this answer

Review the articles of incorporation, bylaws, certificates and share register. Pre-emption rights or other transfer conditions may apply. For a corporation, documenting the transfer and entering it in the company’s appropriate register also matter. Coordinate the sale with any obligations that remain your responsibility.

Link to this answer

Not necessarily. Owning shares does not, by itself, establish authority to sign contracts or assume obligations in the company’s name. Before signing, we review the articles, appointments and relevant powers of attorney or authorisations to verify who can represent it and within what limits.

Link to this answer

Also bring the articles of incorporation, amendments, bylaws if any, related previous minutes and records of meeting notices or participation. State when you learned of the decision and how it affects you. The review must assess the challenged resolution in its context and in light of the client’s position; an isolated excerpt from the minutes may omit information that is decisive in determining the appropriate action.

Link to this answer

Yes. Explain your relationship with the entity and what you wish to resolve. It must be clear from the outset that advising a shareholder is not the same as representing the company or other shareholders.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can examine proposals to purchase an ownership interest, reorganise or separate interests, depending on the documents, any valuation needed and the parties’ willingness.

Link to this answer

You can begin with what is available. Identify your interest in the entity, the decisions or transactions you question and the missing documents: minutes, registers, contracts or accounting records. State who holds them and which requests you have already made. The initial review helps organize ways of obtaining information and assess the established facts, without presenting suspicions as proven conclusions.

Link to this answer

What was agreed and the documents required for the specific transaction must be reviewed. Acceptance of a negotiated deal does not, by itself, prove that ownership interests, assets, powers and registers have been updated. We can identify outstanding instruments and checks before treating the separation as complete.

Link to this answer

Gather the name and design you use or intend to use, describe the products and services and identify the intended owner. Include labels, publications and any previous applications. The firm organises a search and review of the elements to be protected before defining the application and follow-up.

Link to this answer

DIGERPI’s published requirements cover both trademarks already in use and those intended for future use. The application must accurately reflect that situation and identify the products or services. Define the sign and its owner before filing, as intended use does not remove the other registration requirements.

Link to this answer

Identify who will apply and provide their address and nationality. For a company, DIGERPI also requests information about incorporation and registration as applicable. Decide ownership before filing and distinguish the owner from the person designing the logo or managing the business’s social media.

Link to this answer

Incorporating a company, registering its name or registering a domain is not equivalent to registering the trademark identifying its products or services. Provide the business documents and the name or design you wish to protect. The firm reviews the sign, its owner and relevant classes to define the DIGERPI application and explain its scope.

Link to this answer

Describe the products and services precisely. The application identifies the relevant classes; choosing solely by name may leave activities outside the protection sought.

Link to this answer

No. A search helps assess risks; the authority examines the application and third-party rights may arise.

Link to this answer

Yes. Explain the name and intended activity so we can organize an initial review. The final design may need further analysis.

Link to this answer

Provide the complete document and the stated dates so we can examine its implications and the firm’s possible involvement.

Link to this answer

Define the activity, products or services and who will operate the business. Provide the location, condition of the premises and draft lease. The firm identifies matters concerning use, works and authorisations to be checked, and reviews who will undertake adaptations and outstanding procedures. Before committing to the lease, also agree what happens to payments and the contract if the premises prove unsuitable for the intended activity.

Link to this answer

Panamá Emprende is the MICI-administered system for generating the operating notice, Aviso de Operación. Before applying, the firm checks the activity, operator and any exemptions or sector-specific authorisations requiring review. This preparation helps organize opening around the actual project and its obligations.

Link to this answer

Gather the complete document, proof of notification and a copy of the application with its appendices. Distinguish a request to correct information from a final decision. With that file, a response or appeal can be assessed according to the activity, authority and special procedural rules.

Link to this answer

Prepare a table listing each document, authority, date, validity period and responsible person. Compare it with the requirements for the activity.

Link to this answer

Yes. Changing services, products or premises may change the requirements; do not assume previous documents cover the new operation.

Link to this answer

Yes. You can request a review of existing documents, renewals and requirements received to organize outstanding matters.

Link to this answer

The Aviso de Operación simplifies notification of the start of a commercial or industrial activity, but does not remove special conditions for regulated activities or applicable tax, employment and social security obligations. The firm checks whether your activity requires the notice, prior authorization or qualifies for an exception, and which premises-related matters need attention. This organises the requirements for that specific business.

Link to this answer

That should not be assumed. Provide the proposed transaction, the holder of each authorization, the activity and premises. We examine which documents relate to the person, establishment or specific conditions and which require additional action. That verification should form part of the purchase negotiations.

Link to this answer

That should not be assumed. The business structure and the establishment’s own procedures are different matters. The ATP requires documents for accommodation registration, and the project may require further checks depending on its location, construction work and services offered.

Link to this answer

Yes. The analysis starts with the actual operation, rather than only the number of rooms or platform used. We review the property, how services are provided and existing documents to identify the category and procedures requiring examination.

Link to this answer

We can organize the file and follow up the application within the agreed engagement. We first review the applicant or accommodation operator, the property and the establishment’s characteristics. Required certificates and technical documents must be issued by the competent professionals or authorities.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can clarify deliverables, payments, responsibilities, use of assets and handling of breaches. Identify whether the contract is personal or through an entity and which authorisations the signatory requires.

Link to this answer

Land titling under Law 80 of 2009 must not be confused with procedures for a tourism business. These are separate analyses. Potential incentives require identifying their own legislation and requirements; they are not offered as an automatic consequence of obtaining land title.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can begin with an inventory of documents, contracts and completed procedures, then prepare a regularisation plan based on the findings. The review is not a certification of full compliance without examining the establishment’s records and requirements.

Link to this answer

They are not presumed included. The proposal separates legal advice from those services and specifies the coordination offered. When a specialist is needed, their role and budget are identified before assuming the work forms part of the engagement.

Link to this answer

Yes. We review the parties, scope of work, how progress is verified and what happens if changes or breaches occur. The quotation, plans and appendices should form a consistent whole before signing and starting payments.

Link to this answer

Keep the contract, payment records, correspondence and evidence of the current condition. We can examine formal demands and the appropriate claim procedure. Before replacing work or discarding materials, determine how to preserve evidence while still taking urgent safety measures.

Link to this answer

The original scope, pricing arrangement and authorization of the change must be reviewed. Performing additional work does not replace examination of the agreement. Correspondence, revised quotations and approvals are relevant to preparing each party’s position.

Link to this answer

We do not recommend a blanket decision without reviewing the contract and the seriousness of the breach. We can assess enforceable obligations, agreed mechanisms and technical documents to avoid creating a further dispute through the response to the problem.

Link to this answer

No. The type and seriousness of the defect, the contract and the applicable regime must be distinguished. Rules on structural ruin or liability for particular defects do not automatically apply to every finishing issue. Start the review with dates and documents.

Link to this answer

We can consider that representation after checking for conflicts of interest. We review completed work, acceptance, outstanding payments and the owner’s objections. The proposal identifies the claim or defense considered supportable.

Link to this answer

It depends on the dispute. Technical questions about quality, progress or the cause of damage may require a specialist report. The lawyer does not replace the engineer or architect; the lawyer identifies what must be proved and coordinates evidence preparation.

Link to this answer

It may determine the procedure for disputes covered by the agreement. We therefore review the clause, its scope and the agreed process before bringing a claim. Do not assume every construction dispute belongs before the same court or tribunal.

Link to this answer

Yes, where the matter allows it. MITRADEL offers conciliation and employment guidance. Before accepting an agreement, it is advisable to review the facts, the payments included and the obligations you will assume. The firm assesses whether negotiation, completing the documentation or beginning the appropriate action is warranted.

Link to this answer

Request a review before accepting or signing. Send the contract, start and end dates, proof of wages, dismissal letter and complete final payment calculation. Zoila Chilan reviews the items and the scope of the agreement. If you have already signed, received payments or been summoned, also provide those documents and their dates.

Link to this answer

Yes. We examine the resignation or mutual agreement, proposed payments and termination-related correspondence. Different forms of termination may involve different entitlements and consequences. Before you sign an agreement with your employer, we can explain the wording and obligations so you can decide; if already signed, we review events and available records. Tell us if a response deadline has been set so we can take it into account when arranging the consultation.

Link to this answer

You can seek advice even without a written contract or retained copy. Start with payslips, transfers, messages and other available communications. Add approximate start and end dates, your role, usual hours and an explanation of working conditions. Zoila Chilan and the team organize those records and identify additional information or evidence needed; you do not need a perfect file to request guidance.

Link to this answer

No. The tool reviewed is limited to certain private-sector contracts of indefinite duration terminated with employer liability. It excludes, among others, public employment, fixed-term or project-based contracts, resignations and special regimes. Its result must be checked against wages, the contract, payments and the manner of termination.

Link to this answer

Yes. Share the complete summons, documents already filed and any previous agreement or payment. State how and when it was received and the scheduled date. Zoila Chilan reviews the issuing authority, purpose and claim status to clarify the preparation and assistance requested. Before undertaking the action, the firm confirms its scope and whether it can act within the time available.

Link to this answer

Gather your contract, dismissal or resignation letter, start and end dates, wage records and any termination calculation. Distinguish amounts calculated, acknowledged and actually paid, and identify any signed agreement. MITRADEL offers guidance and document review; conciliation or the competent forum may be considered depending on the dispute. Check applicable deadlines promptly and do not sign a receipt for full payment if it does not reflect what you received. Non-payment alone does not establish the employer’s insolvency.

Official sources: MITRADEL · employment guidance and documents for reviewing employment entitlements (in Spanish)

What should I check if my employment ended and termination benefits remain unpaid?

Normal retirement in the defined-benefit subsystem requires at least 240 contributions and age 57 for women or 62 for men. A proportional pension may be available with 180–239. The regime and any special rules must be confirmed first.

Read the full explanation →

How many CSS contributions do I need to retire?

No. The ten best years are the general defined-benefit rule. Regulation art. 16 uses fifteen or twenty years for certain normal-pension cases with higher caps, subject to contributions and average earnings. The mixed subsystem combines components, while solidarity capitalisation uses the balance and actuarial factors.

Read the full explanation →

Is every pension 60% of the ten best contribution years?

The defined-benefit subsystem provides early categories from age 55 for women and 60 for men, subject to contributions and reductions. Those rules do not automatically apply to the new system or every special regime.

Read the full explanation →

Can I retire before age 57 or 62?

Organize the periods by employer and month, collect pay and employment records and ask CSS to verify them. Check missing contributions and their effects before accepting a lump sum or calculation.

Read the full explanation →

What should I do about missing contributions?

No. CSS recognises a social-security benefit, while the immigration authority processes residence. The requirements and effects differ.

Read the full explanation →

Is a CSS pension the same as a Pensionado visa?

No. The employer’s thirty-day notice under art. 212 applies to that article’s cases and exceptions. It differs from resignation notice under art. 222 and does not remove special protection. Contract type, service, grounds and any protected status must be checked.

Read the full explanation →

Does every dismissal require thirty days’ notice?

For indefinite contracts, art. 224 provides the premium regardless of the reason for termination, subject to its calculation and transitional rules. Failure to give resignation notice can have the consequence in art. 222. Compensation is separate and needs its own legal basis.

Read the full explanation →

Do I lose my seniority premium if I resign?

No. Article 221 distinguishes sixty business days for reinstatement or compensation with back pay from one year for compensation alone and other termination benefits. Special claims and possible interruptions must be checked. A precise deadline requires reviewing separation, communications and the relief sought.

Read the full explanation →

Do I have a year to challenge every dismissal?

No. Articles 801 and 802 of the Civil Procedure Code distinguish cases begun after its entry into force from those already pending. Pending cases continue under the applicable earlier provisions, including enforcement and outstanding steps. The firm verifies when proceedings began and their status before applying rules or calculating deadlines.

Link to this answer

Review the purpose, summons, facts within your knowledge and required documents with your lawyer. Coordinate availability if witnesses or experts are involved.

Link to this answer

No. Obtaining a favourable judgment and receiving money are separate stages. We must examine whether the other party complies voluntarily or enforcement must begin or continue, as well as realistic recovery prospects. The firm can explain the next step and any additional expenses that stage requires.

Link to this answer

That must be assessed before deciding. Obtaining a favourable decision and securing compliance are different matters. The consultation can consider available asset information, the claim’s objective and procedural costs without guaranteeing financial recovery.

Link to this answer

They can be submitted for evidentiary assessment; on their own, they do not guarantee that a fact will be proved. It is necessary to establish what they show, who was involved, their origin and whether the context has been preserved. In proceedings governed by the Code of Civil Procedure, its rules on evidence and the opportunity to challenge it are reviewed. Preserve the device, the complete conversation and the files received.

Link to this answer

Ley 402 de 2023 · Código Procesal Civil y reformas

They are useful for an initial review, but may omit context and relevant information. Preserve the complete chat, audio messages, attachments and supporting records, without editing or deleting messages. The lawyer assesses how to submit and substantiate the evidence and whether a technical review is needed.

Link to this answer

Keep the original message, its attachments and a readable copy. If possible, export it with its headers and retain the original storage medium. A screenshot or forwarded message may lose information. State which fact you wish to prove before commissioning a technical review.

Link to this answer

When authorship, integrity, dates or information recovery are disputed. First, identify the fact that needs to be proved. The expert explains the method and its limitations; the lawyer reviews relevance and presentation. Confirm whether the cost of the expert examination is included in the engagement.

Link to this answer

Gather the complete claim, appendices, accompanying order and evidence of how and when each document was received. Add previous decisions, contracts, receipts and a brief chronology. Identify any imminent hearing or requirement. These records allow us to examine the claim, verify dates and prepare your position; a first page alone may omit decisive information. The firm reviews the matter and time available before confirming whether it can undertake representation.

Link to this answer

Do not assume informal negotiations suspend the deadline or replace the response. Confirm with your lawyer whether a formal step changes the deadline and keep the response ready. The file, dates and any agreement must be reviewed to define the necessary actions. Inform your lawyer of discussions and send their full terms before relying on the matter being settled.

Link to this answer

Send complete, legible photographs in order, together with the notice and receipt date. Identify any missing page or appendix. This copy allows the review to begin; the firm will coordinate any additional documents needed. Do not wait for a perfect copy before reporting the claim and its dates.

Link to this answer

No. The procedure and applicable rules may differ. Calculating the deadline requires reviewing the file, order received, type of proceedings and method of service. The claim’s title or an incomplete description also cannot support an individual deadline calculation.

Link to this answer

You may request a second opinion and provide the records. Before any intervention, the consultation’s scope and existing representation must be clarified.

Link to this answer

Partial payments or an agreement do not themselves amount to an order lifting an attachment. Gather the attachment order, case number, agreement and all receipts; compare principal, interest, costs and how each payment was applied. The balance, applicable procedural rules and appropriate court application must be checked. Also confirm that any lifting order has been communicated to and implemented by the relevant bank or registry.

Official sources: Ley 402 de 2023 · Código Procesal Civil, enforcement and transitional provisions (in Spanish) · Órgano Judicial · Acuerdo 222 de 2026, procedural transition rules (in Spanish)

Why is an attachment still in place after I have made payments?

Prepare the invoice, related contract or order, delivery records and evidence of each part-payment. Organize due dates and correspondence to explain the outstanding balance calculation. Quirós & Quirós reviews those documents before considering a formal payment demand, payment agreement or possible court claim.

Link to this answer

No. The obligation must be clear and due, and the document must meet the requirements for an enforceable instrument. Where the Civil Procedure Code applies, Articles 731–733 are reviewed, including the instrument’s form and whether the amount is fixed or ascertainable. An unpaid invoice alone does not establish those conditions. We examine the invoice, its acknowledgement where relevant, transaction documents and applicable procedural regime.

Link to this answer

It should clearly state the acknowledged balance, instalments, due dates, payment method and allocation of each payment. Any agreed security and consequences of default must also be reviewed. The firm can prepare or review the text so that obligations and settlement conditions are clear.

Link to this answer

Yes. You can request a review of transfers, messages and other available evidence even without a signed contract. Send them in full and explain what was agreed, what was delivered and what remains unpaid. Transfers show movements of funds, but their purpose and connection to the obligation must be assessed with conversations and other records. Their usefulness and possible claims are evaluated case by case.

Link to this answer

We do not assume so. The consultation examines which procedure and measures could be considered given the documents and circumstances.

Link to this answer

Send the complete claim, its attachments and proof of service immediately. Include a list of payments with the date, amount, recipient and supporting record. The lawyer checks the claim against that information and examines the defense. Having paid does not remove the need to respond to the proceedings within the applicable time limit.

Link to this answer

Separate principal, interest, partial payments and other charges. Link each payment to its supporting record and avoid counting it twice. State which items were agreed and which are disputed. This reconciliation helps verify the balance; it does not automatically make all interest or expenses valid charges.

Link to this answer

No. Under the CPC, executive enforcement allows eight days for defenses, ordinary proceedings ten days for an answer and summary proceedings five. The applicable temporal regime, procedure and service must be checked; service through a commissioned judge has a special rule in art. 763.

Read the full explanation →

Do I always have eight days to defend a debt claim?

No. Removal of credit-history data and limitation of a debt claim are separate matters. The former follows amended art. 26; the latter depends on the obligation, when it became enforceable and possible interruptions.

Read the full explanation →

Does removal from APC after five years eliminate the debt?

Full payment must be reflected in the credit history within the following three business days under Law 24, art. 29-B. This does not necessarily require immediate deletion of the reference. Keep proof of payment and challenge any incorrect information.

Read the full explanation →

What should happen to my report when I finish paying?

Keep the accident details, available photographs, claim number, policy and insurer correspondence, together with evidence of damage. Retain proof of submissions and any payments received. Janina H. Brugiati organises the claim review to identify what is requested, what is documented and what information is missing.

Link to this answer

Review what the insurer is paying, which claims the settlement covers and which rights it extinguishes. Send the complete settlement and release, the offer and the documented damage and expenses. Janina H. Brugiati examines its scope and the points that should be clarified before deciding.

Link to this answer

Send the policy, the claim, its attachments and the response, with their dates. Janina H. Brugiati assesses whether it is advisable to provide further information, seek clarification or pursue another procedure. For a complaint to the Superintendency, the prior steps taken with the insurer, its response or lack of response and the applicable time limits are checked.

Link to this answer

Keep invoices for repairs, medical care and other accident-related expenses. Organize them by date and item, avoiding duplicate entries.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can review the signed release, payments received and circumstances of acceptance. Send the offer, complete correspondence and claim documents too. Signing alone does not determine which further steps remain possible: the agreement’s scope and background must first be examined.

Link to this answer

Review the breakdown and compare it with the losses and expenses submitted. Identify items accepted, items excluded and the insurer’s reasons. If the offer does not explain them, the firm can help request clarification and document differences before you consider acceptance.

Link to this answer

Yes. Send claim numbers, correspondence and documents submitted or signed. Report any payment received and the dates of summonses or decisions. Our involvement is defined by the case’s status and available documents, without guaranteeing coverage or a compensation amount.

Link to this answer

You can request a consultation with Janina H. Brugiati whenever you need to understand documents or prepare a step. Mention any summons, response date or outstanding insurer communication. Janina reviews the case’s status and explains which actions may need attention.

Link to this answer

They are distinct documents and steps. The traffic authority addresses the incident within its powers, while the insurance claim requires examination of the policy, coverage and supporting evidence. We review how the two processes connect in your case.

Link to this answer

You can consult with the information available. We organize what exists and identify what could be requested or obtained. You do not have to complete the investigation yourself before contacting us: the initial review helps organize those outstanding tasks.

Link to this answer

Share the complete request, proof of receipt and your application with the appendices already filed. Include acknowledgements and earlier correspondence. A request for information can serve a different purpose from a decision on the application; it must be read to determine its scope. Zoila Chilan examines the requirements, how to substantiate compliance and applicable dates or conditions. The team organises outstanding documents and prepares the agreed response within the engagement.

Link to this answer

Law 38 governs access by interested parties and other authorized persons, subject to restrictions for legally confidential or protected information. Identify the authority, file number and your relationship to the matter when preparing the request. Copies help establish which documents and decisions actually form part of the proceedings.

Link to this answer

They are different remedies. Under the general regime, reconsideration is addressed to the authority that issued the decision and an appeal to its superior. Availability depends on the act and applicable rules. Review the complete decision, notification and any special legislation before choosing a challenge.

Link to this answer

Send the complete decision, proof of notification and procedural records. Include the delivery envelope or message if retained and state how and when the decision was received. The firm needs those details to examine deadlines and the appropriate response or challenge, rather than calculating by comparison with another case.

Link to this answer

Yes. We review the documents, background, submissions, correspondence received and any accessible status information. With the required authorization and within the agreed service, we seek information to identify outstanding issues. We explain what we need, what we can obtain and which matters the firm can resolve or depend on action by the authority.

Link to this answer

Yes. The complete decision and notification details are important. Zoila examines the reasons and available options. The response may require correcting documents, taking a specific procedural step or considering a challenge.

Link to this answer

Yes. Within the agreed service, the legal team prepares submissions and organises their appendices. For a tax prescription application, we first examine whether grounds exist and organize supporting evidence. We confirm who must sign, the representation required and when your involvement is necessary. Kenia coordinates documents for tax procedures with you. Keep acknowledgements, reference numbers and exact copies of submissions: they establish filing and help reconstruct the file and dates.

Link to this answer

Yes. Bring the file you have assembled and an account of the steps taken. We review its current status before proposing additional work. Starting the procedure yourself does not prevent you from seeking advice on the remaining steps.

Link to this answer

Send a complete copy and background on the activity or application, stating how and when it was received. You may also consult about municipal correspondence. Highlight any approaching date when requesting assistance: the available time must be reviewed before accepting and defining an action. The firm identifies the authority and assesses the help it can provide. You need not interpret the document yourself before asking for help.

Link to this answer

The firm can assess tax administrative applications and matters such as exemptions, corrections or prescription, according to the engagement. Each procedure is examined against its specific requirements. For property tax, we examine the property information, obligations and ownership or updating documents needed. Kenia coordinates the information and Zoila provides the relevant administrative-law assessment.

Link to this answer

Do not assume an informal conversation or inquiry replaces an appeal or changes a notified date. Send the decision and proof of receipt so the formal remedy, authority, deadline and appropriate action can be identified. Report parallel procedures or responses before assuming you can wait.

Link to this answer

Send the complete summons, the authority, date, time and case number, together with the available background information. Zoila Chilan reviews the reason and the capacity in which you must appear. Before taking on the matter, the firm confirms availability and scope according to the urgency.

Link to this answer

Their roles differ: the prosecutor directs the investigation and the judge makes the decisions assigned to the court. The defense protects the investigated or accused person’s rights. Identifying who issued a summons or order helps explain the action ordered and how to prepare.

Link to this answer

The adversarial criminal justice system recognises victims’ rights to know the progress of proceedings, be heard and receive protection where appropriate. Gather the case number, complaint and correspondence received. Your specific participation must be assessed according to your procedural status and the investigation’s stage.

Link to this answer

Yes. An arrested person has the right to defense assistance and to remain silent without that being used against them. Official information also provides for a free defense lawyer. If contacting the firm for someone arrested, state their location, the authority involved and known proceedings so we can assess available assistance.

Link to this answer

No. A summons or complaint is not a conviction. A complaint, investigation, formal accusation and judicial decision must be distinguished. The summons is reviewed according to its purpose and your capacity in the proceedings. We can examine it and the background to explain the announced step and assistance needed. Avoid conclusions based only on a title or third-party comments.

Link to this answer

Yes. We listen to what happened, review the documents and assess the appropriate form of assistance. Before accepting the engagement, we check potential conflicts of interest and explain the scope of help we can provide.

Link to this answer

Yes. A family member can provide the initial information and help coordinate advice. Gather identification, the person’s location, summonses and details of the authority. We must clarify who the client will be, what information may be shared and what authorization is needed for representation and access to the case file.

Link to this answer

We can review available proceedings to which access is permitted. Zoila identifies the stage, relevant investigative steps and possible next actions. The analysis requires knowledge of the file and cannot be replaced by a conclusion based on an incomplete summary.

Link to this answer

You may request this. Intervention requires reviewing the matter, confirming availability and formally agreeing the scope of representation.

Link to this answer

Yes. Explain the facts and risk so the authority can assess them. Psychological or property-related abuse may be relevant without a visible physical injury. Articles 200 and 138-A of the Criminal Code must be applied to the particular conduct; a report does not itself prove the offence.

Read the full explanation →

Can I seek protection without visible injuries?

Yes. Article 200 of the Criminal Code covers the relationships it lists even after they have ended. The relationship and events must be established; not every dispute between people who know each other automatically falls within that provision.

Read the full explanation →

Can domestic violence occur after a relationship has ended?

Do not assume so. A private agreement, reconciliation or wish to withdraw a report does not replace an authority’s decision. Obtain legal advice on whether the order remains in force and how to seek its variation or discharge.

Read the full explanation →

Does withdrawing a report cancel a protection order?

In an emergency call 911 or 104 and explain your location and what help you need. Tell the authority and the firm which language you speak. Article 14 of Law 82 recognises interpreter assistance for women who are victims in the circumstances it regulates. Immigration issues must be coordinated separately; reporting an incident does not guarantee an immigration outcome.

Read the full explanation →

What if I am a foreign national and need help in another language?

The firm can assess a request for defense representation, subject to availability and conflict checks. The person reported retains procedural rights and must comply with current orders. The firm does not accept opposing interests in the same case or guarantee an acquittal or dismissal.

Read the full explanation →

Can Quirós & Quirós advise someone who has been reported?

An administrative appeal is handled within the administrative structure under its rules. Administrative litigation brings a dispute before a court. Their requirements and objectives must be examined separately, although prior action may be relevant to accessing the other route.

Link to this answer

First identify the act, remedy sought and prerequisites for court proceedings, including any required prior administrative action. We therefore request the decision and its notification at the initial consultation rather than recommending a lawsuit without reviewing the file.

Link to this answer

The terms should not be used interchangeably. The review distinguishes a legality challenge from claims concerning an individual right and its restoration under the applicable regime. That choice affects preparation of the proceedings.

Link to this answer

Silence is not automatically treated as approval. The application, proof of receipt, elapsed time and applicable general or special rules must be reviewed. Those details determine the legal effect and next step to be considered.

Link to this answer

Do not assume suspension without examining the regime and decisions made. We can consider whether to request a measure and the grounds it requires. Preparing the main proceedings and seeking possible interim protection are explained as separate actions.

Link to this answer

Yes. We review the decision, file, notices and rights claimed. The analysis distinguishes the administrative dispute from possession, ownership or registration issues that may require additional action.

Link to this answer

We can examine that claim and its supporting documents. Compensation is not presumed merely because you disagree with a decision. The legal basis, alleged harm, evidence and competent forum must be identified.

Link to this answer

Send the full decision and proof of notification, with your contact details. Add earlier appeals or procedural steps. This allows us to prioritize the procedural timing before developing a detailed substantive explanation.

Link to this answer

An invoice is useful, but provide all available evidence of the commercial relationship: contracts, receipts, transfers or correspondence. Its sufficiency is assessed for the specific action; a missing document does not automatically prevent a consultation.

Link to this answer

We can examine those matters. We review the purchase, warranty, alleged defect and steps taken with the supplier. If the cause requires a technical assessment, we identify that need and its separate cost before preparing the claim.

Link to this answer

Yes, after checking potential conflicts of interest. Send the complete summons, sales documents, disclosed terms and assistance offered to the customer. These allow a response to be prepared in light of the complaint and procedural status.

Link to this answer

No. Some matters and services have their own regulatory procedures. Complaints about certain public utilities, for example, are not handled like ordinary consumer complaints. The initial review identifies the competent authority for the specific claim.

Link to this answer

An outcome should not be promised without examining the contract, breach and legally appropriate remedy. We can organize the claim and explain its supporting grounds, distinguishing the amount paid, what was received and alleged losses.

Link to this answer

Yes. Preventive advice can cover terms of sale, warranties and advertising materials to identify points needing adjustment. The review is defined according to the products and sales method; it does not replace day-to-day compliance with business obligations.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can examine a proposal and document agreed delivery, repairs, payment or resolution of the dispute. Before signing a release or withdrawal, clarify which obligations have been fulfilled and which remain outstanding.

Link to this answer

Keep purchase documents, warranties, advertising, messages and delivery or repair records. Note dates and retain original files. Send any summons or decision in full: the chronology helps prepare the case and identify timely action.

Link to this answer

Gather the contract or offer, invoice, payment records, promised date and complete communications with the provider. Identify what was not performed and the remedy you seek, and retain your complaint and the response. The appropriate route may involve consumer protection, civil proceedings or a specialist authority, depending on the service and relationship. ACODECO’s official guidance requires evidence of the commercial relationship and identification and excludes public utilities from that procedure. A refund cannot be assured without reviewing the facts and agreed terms.

Official sources: ACODECO / Panamá Digital · complaints about breaches of service obligations (in Spanish)

What should I prepare if I paid for a service that was not provided?

A mediator does not impose an agreement. The role is to facilitate communication and a voluntary solution. A lawyer assisting one party has a different role: advising on the proposal and its legal effects.

Link to this answer

This page offers legal assistance to one party. Neutral intervention is a separate role and is not presumed included. The professional’s role and potential conflicts of interest are reviewed before accepting the engagement.

Link to this answer

Mediation does not oblige you to accept an agreement you do not want. Our assistance helps you assess proposals before deciding. Voluntary participation does not remove the importance of understanding the effects of anything you eventually sign.

Link to this answer

That possibility can be examined according to the subject matter and procedural stage. The agreement must be coordinated with the necessary court steps. A private conversation should not be assumed to close the case by itself.

Link to this answer

The content, form of the instrument and available enforcement route must be examined. During negotiations, therefore, consider how payment or delivery will be proved. Not all documents have identical effects or are enforced in the same way.

Link to this answer

They are different services. Judicial Branch mediation centers provide their service free of charge. If you engage a private lawyer to advise or accompany you, those legal fees are agreed separately.

Link to this answer

Yes. We examine obligations, amounts, due dates, waivers and conditions before you sign. Send the complete document and explain what remains unresolved. The review aims to ensure the wording reflects the actual understanding and that you know its consequences.

Link to this answer

In mediation, the parties voluntarily seek agreement with a neutral third party’s assistance. In arbitration, the arbitral tribunal determines the dispute within its jurisdiction through an award. Choosing either route requires reviewing the case and existing agreement.

Link to this answer

Check whether a valid arbitration agreement exists or whether the parties can enter into one for the dispute. One party cannot be presumed able to impose arbitration unilaterally. Whether the subject matter is arbitrable must also be examined.

Link to this answer

Yes. We can examine its scope, consistency with the contract and procedural arrangements. It is useful to understand the commitment when signing rather than treating the clause as having no practical effect until a dispute arises.

Link to this answer

That cannot be assumed without reading the agreement. We examine which disputes it covers and how the specific claim relates to its wording. Jurisdiction or subject-matter issues may also require analysis before acting.

Link to this answer

We do not present that as a universal rule. Consider the amount in dispute, complexity, number of arbitrators, institutional costs and evidence required. The legal proposal separates those items so the client can assess the engagement using concrete information.

Link to this answer

We can assess those engagements, starting with the clause and background. Preparation requires identifying obligations, changes, payments and alleged losses. Technical issues require coordination of the relevant evidence and definition of its cost.

Link to this answer

The proposal specifies this. Representation in arbitration should not be confused with every subsequent step that may be needed. If recognition, enforcement or further analysis of the award is required, the route and additional scope are defined.

Link to this answer

That is not the service offered on this page. We advise and represent one party. Institutional administration, the arbitral tribunal’s function and client representation are distinct roles, identified before the engagement begins.

Link to this answer

No. Tourist entry is not residence. Immigration distinguishes non-resident, temporary resident and permanent resident permits, each with its own requirements. The appropriate category depends on the purpose of the stay and the applicant’s circumstances. Check which fits your plans before organizing a move.

Link to this answer

Immigration permission and work authorization must be examined separately. Residence does not mean every employment activity is authorized: the immigration category, work permit and applicable employment conditions must be checked. Explain whether you plan employment, professional practice or a business.

Link to this answer

The pension must meet the conditions and be adequately documented. The official requirements include certificates, background checks, personal documents and additional requirements in certain cases. Dependants and the pension’s source must also be reviewed before preparing the file and estimating costs.

Link to this answer

Read the complete guide: Panama Pensionado visa for retirees and pensioners →

PPSH is a regularization route created by Executive Decree 6 of 2025 and amended by Executive Decree 5 of 2026. To determine whether you can apply, your immigration status, time in the country and departures must be checked. Katherine Quirós V. reviews those dates and the documents before confirming the applicable requirements.

Link to this answer

The category allows dependants, but the family relationship and required financial support must be reviewed. Conditions differ between relatives and may vary with age or personal circumstances. Review each dependant alongside the principal application and gather documents establishing their situation.

Link to this answer

Read the complete guide: Panama Pensionado visa for retirees and pensioners →

No. Immigration provides a category requiring an application and documents proving its conditions; marriage does not replace the procedure.

Link to this answer

Marrying a foreign national in Panama →

Depending on the category and family relationship, marriage or birth certificates, identity documents and proof of address may be reviewed. Share what you have: the firm organises the list for your family and identifies missing documents or checks needed before ordering them. This gives you concrete guidance for preparing the file.

Link to this answer

Yes. Begin with a remote consultation before buying tickets. Explain your nationality, residence, connections, plans and intended dates in Panama. Katherine Quirós V. examines the immigration route and the team coordinates documents to prepare in your country of origin. We clarify which steps can be taken in advance and which require your presence before you organize the move. The immigration route must be assessed before treating it as settled.

Link to this answer

It depends on your nationality, immigration status, family ties, income and plans to work or invest. Send this information and the planned dates. Katherine Quirós V. reviews the available categories, requirements and expenses. State from the outset whether you wish to work or open a business.

Link to this answer

Yes. Provide the reference number, copies of submissions, receipts, decisions and requests for further information. We need to distinguish a pending application from a granted permit and identify relevant dates. The consultation assesses the status and scope of possible assistance.

Link to this answer

That should not be assumed. Property acquisition and an immigration application have separate conditions that must be reviewed, and coordinated where appropriate. Katherine can examine the transaction and intended immigration category before you commit.

Link to this answer

The principal applicant’s approved permit is permanent and granted indefinitely without renewal. Dependent children have a different rule: a temporary permit subject to the age and study conditions described in the linked Pensionado guide, with the stated exception for a proven profound disability. Filing an application is not approval of residence. Executive Decree 26, article 54; Executive Decree 320, article 202.

Read the complete guide →

Is Pensionado residence permanent or temporary?

Arrange a review of your documents, their formalities and validity, your current immigration status and the steps requiring personal attendance. Tell the team your intended travel dates and whether family members will travel with you. The number and timing of visits depend on the case and the arrangements required by the authority; no approval date is guaranteed.

Read the complete guide →

What should I check before booking my trip?

No. That threshold applies to first-sale property or the purchase-promise route under its conditions. Secondary-market property requires B/.500,000, and the qualifying net value must always be established.

Read the complete guide →

Does any B/.300,000 property qualify?

The amount above the minimum may be financed if documented and no encumbrance reduces the qualifying net value below the applicable threshold. Review the structure before taking the loan.

Read the complete guide →

Can I finance part of the purchase?

A special attorney may file before you enter Panama. Biometric registration and the Foreigners Registry must be completed before the card is issued.

Read the complete guide →

Can I apply from abroad?

No. Besides proving a nationality on the current list, you must establish the prescribed employment, property or deposit ground and meet the general requirements. An ordinary account or a company without the required activity or investment does not replace that evidence.

Read the full explanation →

Is a Friendly Nations passport enough?

Yes. Executive Decree 16 of 31 August 2026 added Ecuador. The category’s requirements, costs and two-year provisional stage remain applicable; approval is not automatic.

Read the full explanation →

Is Ecuador included in Friendly Nations?

Executive Decree 226 permits financing through a local bank. Public Registry evidence must establish ownership with the required minimum value and, if a company or foundation holds the property, the applicant’s relationship required by the decree.

Read the full explanation →

Can I finance the B/.200,000 property?

Residence does not replace a MITRADEL work permit. Under the employment route, the employer and applicant must process the corresponding authorization. Restrictions on professions reserved to nationals also remain.

Read the full explanation →

Does Friendly Nations allow me to work immediately?

No. After the provisional period you apply for permanent residence and establish the applicable requirements through updated documents, with the stated exceptions. Prepare that second stage before expiry.

Read the full explanation →

Does residence become permanent automatically after two years?

No. The relationship may support the three-year route in article 10(2) if its conditions are met. For that route, article 126 of Decree Law 3 counts residence from the permanent-residence decision; naturalization must still be processed and decided.

Read the full explanation →

Does marriage to a Panamanian automatically give me citizenship?

For article 10(1) and (2), article 126 counts from the permanent-residence decision. Provisional years therefore do not count automatically. The decision, status and travel records are reviewed to establish continuity.

Read the full explanation →

Do the two provisional Friendly Nations years count towards five years for naturalization?

No. Reciprocity under article 10(3) requires nationality by birth and the conditions that the country of origin imposes on Panamanians. The foreign law and its current validity must be proved; there is no single period for everyone.

Read the full explanation →

Can every Latin American naturalise after two years?

Not necessarily. Articles 9 and 11 provide routes through parentage or adoption with their own domicile, age, declaration and registration conditions. Check the parent’s nationality, birth or adoption date and registrations first; the adult naturalization procedure does not automatically apply.

Read the full explanation →

Must a child born outside Panama apply for a naturalization certificate?

No. Resolution 51973 of 2026 preserves the oath and registration. Renunciation declarations and constitutional article 13 require legal assessment; consequences for the other nationality also depend on its law. Digitalisation does not alter these rules.

Read the full explanation →

Does electronic naturalization remove the oath or allow me to keep any other nationality?

It supports the legal aspects of moving to and settling in Panama. Katherine reviews immigration needs and, when included in the engagement, contractual or property decisions. We explain what the firm handles and which third-party services must be engaged separately.

Link to this answer

Yes. Katherine Quirós V. can include your partner, children and other dependants whose circumstances require review. Identify each person, relationships, documents, travel dates and circumstances. Do not assume one category or checklist fits the whole family. The review produces an individual list of outstanding matters and identifies obligations, renewals and communications requiring follow-up after any approval.

Link to this answer

The list depends on the category and your circumstances. Before you incur costs, we review the documents needed and their formalities. We also identify validity requirements to avoid obtaining documents too early for the planned filing date.

Link to this answer

Yes. You can request contractual or property review as part of planning. We define the documents, transaction and review scope. Relocation assistance is not a guarantee about properties or contracts that have not been examined.

Link to this answer